The subdued color palette of this habitat is reminiscent of west Texas. Although the exposure to heat and the lack of water during the growing season have shaped the plant community in a way similar to Texas, the smell of the Atlantic just over the dunes and the sight of willets and dunlin rising and falling over distant mudflats give a clue that we are nowhere near El Paso. We are on Metompkin Island in the dead of winter walking south through a large patch of dune grassland. Despite its proximity to the major resort towns of Virginia Beach and Ocean City, Metompkin is wild. Jointly owned by The Nature Conservancy and the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, the island has no engineering structures that impede its movements. Here, water and sand are free to perform their give-and-take dance as they have always done. The result is a natural gem.

Bob Anderson, Harry Armistead, Fletcher Smith, and Zak Poulton (l to r) move out in search of Ipswich sparrows on Metompkin Island. Photo by Bryan Watts.

Fletcher Smith and I have come here to check on one of the beneficiaries of this wild stretch of coastline, the Ipswich sparrow. With us are long-time members of the Royal Society of Bird Sages Harry Armistead, Ned Brinkley, and Bob Anderson, and younger birders Ellison Orcutt and Zak Poulton. The Ipswich is a true coastal sparrow, spending its entire life cycle in dune habitat along the Atlantic Coast. Its breeding range is restricted to Sable Island off the coast of Nova Scotia, Canada, where it nests in dune and heath habitat. Its primary winter habitat includes coastal barriers and beaches along the Atlantic Coast. The global population is estimated to be only 6,000 individuals. Although breeding habitat on Sable Island is secure, winter habitat for this specialized sparrow is threatened by sea-level rise, coastal development and our insatiable desire to walk along the beach.

Seaside goldenrod and beach grass along a dune represent ideal habitat for Ipswich sparrows on Metompkin Island. Photo by Bryan Watts.

In a broad survey of distribution during the winter of 1971, Wayne Stobo and Ian McLaren determined that the Ipswich’s center of abundance during the winter season fell between Virginia and New Jersey. A survey conducted by CCB in 2012 placed the Virginia bullseye right on the south end of Metompkin Island. During that winter, we recorded nearly twenty birds per kilometer of island here. The birds use areas with a diverse topography where storms have disrupted the dune line and where bunches of grass and seaside goldenrod provide both seeds and hides. Their distinctive, dune-colored plumage is a direct match to the habitat. Watching the birds work through the sand, there is no question that they belong here.

The straw-colored plumage and larger size of the Ipswich sparrow separates it from other forms of the savannah sparrow. The plumage matches the background color of the dune habitat even under different light conditions. Photo by Bryan Watts.

We have come today to check on numbers and to do some banding in preparation for more focused efforts in future winters. We have not checked on the birds since the survey of 2012. Although a considerable body of literature has been published on the breeding grounds, very little is known about the winter ecology of this dune specialist. Several questions that are important to the future of this population remain unanswered. Which habitat attributes are critical during the winter? How may critical habitat components be impacted by sea-level rise and coastal change? How high is site fidelity?

We work only the northern two kilometers of habitat and turn back to reach the boats before they are stranded by low tide. We encountered 25 to 30 Ipswich sparrows within the short section of habitat and banded eight. We leave with a sense of confidence that this site will be an ideal venue for unraveling the winter ecology of this unusual form.

Ned Brinkley, Fletcher Smith and Zak Poulton head back to the mainland after a morning working Ipswich sparrows on Metompkin Island. Photo by Bryan Watts.

Written by Bryan Watts | bdwatt@wm.edu | (757) 221-2247
February 11, 2015

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